Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre aquellas mujeres que siendomadres “optaron” por vincularse a las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, convirtiéndose la gran mayoría en “obreras de la guerra” para cumplir la función materna de no dejar morir a sus hijos. Son madres combatientesque fueron a la guerra para luchar por sus hijos/as, sacrificando su vida por ese otro que una vez hizo parte de ella. Intento demostrar que dichas madres combatientes, no transgreden las normas de la maternidad hegemónica. Transgreden sí, (...) la visión estereotipada de género, según la cual se considera a la mujer esencialmente “pacífica”. Pero no son efectivamente transgresoras de los ideales asociados a la maternidad vista fundamentalmente como esencia, como un hecho biológico e individual. Finalmente se hace una apuesta por repensar la(s) maternidad(es) en una sociedad en (pos) conflicto como la colombiana. (shrink)

Ordinary use of empty names encompasses a variety of different phenomena, including issues in semantics, mental content, fiction, pretense, and linguistic practice. In this paper I offer a novel account of empty names, the cognitive theory, and show how it offers a satisfactory account of the phenomena. The virtues of this theory are based on its strength and parsimony. It allows for a fully homogeneous semantic treatment of names coped with ontological frugality and empirical and psychological adequacy.

We offer an empirical assessment of description theories of proper names. We examine empirical evidence on lexical and cognitive development, memory, and aphasia, to see whether it supports Descriptivism. We show that description theories demand much more, in terms of psychological assumptions, than what the data suggest; hence, they lack empirical support. We argue that this problem undermines their success as philosophical theories for proper names in natural languages. We conclude by presenting and defending a preliminary alternative account of reference (...) from a developmental perspective. (shrink)

En esta discusión abordo la hermenéutica analógica de Mauricio Beuchot comparándola con la hermenéutica filosófica de Hans-Georg Gadamer. Argumento que Beuchot vuelve a la idea clásica de la hermenéutica como método de interpretación y no la juzga, como Gadamer, como una fenomenología de la comprensión. Sin embargo, Beuchot no atiende las razones de Gadamer en contra de concebir la hermenéutica como una metodología. Si se considera como metodología centrada en la analogía, la hermenéutica analógica deja de lado otros recursos interpretativos (...) importantes. Finalmente, Beuchot adopta una teoría correspondentista de la verdad contra la que argumenta Gadamer y que es incompatible con una hermenéutica filosófica. In this paper I analyze Mauricio Beuchot's analogical hermeneutics by contrasting it with Hans-Georg Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics. I argue that Beuchot goes back to the classical idea of hermeneutics as a method of interpretation, and does not see it, as Gadamer does, as a phenomenology of understanding. However, Beuchot does not address Gadamer's arguments against using hermeneutics as a methodology. Considered as a methodology centered on analogy, analogical hermeneutics overlooks other important interpretation resources. Finally, Beuchot adopts a correspondence theory of truth, which Gadamer objects and is incompatible with philosophical hermeneutics. (shrink)

According to Lewis, causal claims must be analysed in terms of counterfactual conditionals, and these in turn are understood in terms of relations of comparative similarity among single concrete possible worlds. Lewis also claims that there is no trans-world causation because there is no way to make sense of trans-world counterfactuals without automatically making them come out to be false. In this paper I argue against this claim. I show how to make sense of trans-world counterfactuals in a non-trivial way (...) that can make them come out to be true, by appealing to relations of comparative similarity among concrete possible worlds (i.e., assuming modal realism). I argue that either merely making such sense of a relevant counterfactual is not enough to have causation, or that Lewis’ modal realism must be given up. (shrink)

En el ámbito del derecho procesal penal, particularmente en el contexto del tránsito, existe una carencia de disposiciones legales que regulen el aspecto probatorio para demostrar infracciones por parte de las autoridades competentes. Específicamente, la falta de regulación sobre el uso de fotografías o videos como evidencia dificulta el proceso de aplicación de la ley, ya que ni el COIP ni la LOTTTSV ni sus reglamentos abordan adecuadamente cómo deben obtenerse pruebas mediante medios digitales. Esta laguna normativa plantea interrogantes sobre (...) qué aspectos pueden capturarse en contenido digital, cómo llevar a cabo dicho proceso y qué requisitos deben cumplir los dispositivos utilizados. Ante esta situación, se justifica la necesidad de realizar una investigación exhaustiva para determinar qué aspectos deben incorporarse en la normativa de tránsito con el fin de garantizar un debido proceso. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue identificar las deficiencias en la regulación del aspecto probatorio en casos de infracciones de tránsito, así como proponer recomendaciones para mejorar el marco normativo existente. Se buscó determinar qué aspectos deben ser incorporados en la normativa de tránsito para garantizar un debido proceso y una aplicación justa de la ley. Para abordar esta problemática, se llevó a cabo una investigación cualitativa con un enfoque descriptivo. Se empleó el método dogmático-jurídico analítico-sintético para analizar en detalle la legislación existente y las lagunas normativas relacionadas con la obtención de pruebas digitales en casos de infracciones de tránsito. Además, se realizaron entrevistas a expertos en derecho procesal penal y se recopiló información de jurisprudencia relevante. Este enfoque metodológico permitió una comprensión profunda de los desafíos y las posibles soluciones en este ámbito. Los resultados de la investigación revelaron importantes lagunas en la regulación del aspecto probatorio en casos de infracciones de tránsito. Se identificaron problemas relacionados con la falta de claridad en los procedimientos de obtención de pruebas digitales y la ausencia de criterios específicos para la admisibilidad de dichas pruebas en los procesos legales. Además, se destacó la necesidad de establecer estándares claros y procedimientos adecuados para garantizar la integridad y fiabilidad de la evidencia digital en el contexto del tránsito. Esta investigación resalta la importancia de abordar las deficiencias en la regulación del aspecto probatorio en casos de infracciones de tránsito. Se recomienda la implementación de medidas específicas para mejorar la recopilación y admisibilidad de pruebas digitales, así como la revisión y actualización de la normativa existente. Esto contribuirá a garantizar un proceso legal justo y transparente en el ámbito del tránsito, fortaleciendo así el Estado de derecho y la confianza en el sistema judicial. (shrink)

It is assumed that the content of an assertion is determined either by the semantically defined content or by the interaction of the latter with the context. Here I present a counterexample by means of the Wookiee problem. After considering several options I offer what appears to be its most satisfactory solution. This requires that we give up the assumption in favor of a view according to which it may be that semantic information does not at all determine the content (...) of an assertion, not even partly so. (shrink)

There is a long-standing discussion concerning the nature of moral discourse. Multiple views range from realism—according to which moral discourse is closer to scientific discourse than to fictional discourse—to anti-realism—according to which moral discourse is rather closer to fictional discourse. In this paper, I want to motivate a novel anti-realist account. On this view, there are no moral properties or truths, neither mind-independent nor mind-dependent ones (i.e., anti-realism). However, moral cognition results from the use of higher order cognitive abilities with (...) enough resources to grant moral discourse with all the features of a realist talk (i.e., cognitive quasi-realism). I defend this view based on empirical evidence on human moral development and by showing that the resulting account can meet the demands of robust moral realism. The paper concludes by placing the proposed view within the metaethical landscape by comparing it against other forms of anti-realism, most significantly against expressivism. (shrink)

Faria (2021) presenta una extraordinaria discusión sobre temas que rara vez suelen entrelazarse en la tradición analítica: el cambio en el contenido mental, su relevancia para la validez inferencial y las consecuencias que esto tiene para la responsabilidad (tanto en la acción como en el pensamiento). La meta de Faria (2021) es defender que la impermanencia del contenido, la vulnerabilidad de nuestras inferencias, el azar y la falta de control en nuestros pensamientos y acciones forman parte ineludible de nuestra forma (...) de vida. En este trabajo argumentaré que dichos argumentos son exitosos, aunque pondré en duda las consecuencias específicas que Faria (2021) obtiene de estos, argumentando que si bien hay impermanencia, vulnerabilidad y azar, no son tan radicales como para afectar nuestra concepción intuitiva de contenidos, creencia y racionalidad. (shrink)

Hay usos de nombres vacíos de los que no podemos justificadamente decir que el hablante está comprometido con la existencia de un referente para el nombre en cuestión. Estos usos aparecen dentro de construcciones lingüísticas de la forma ‘X no existe', donde ‘X es un nombre vacío. Sin embargo, los hablantes logran comunicar información no trivial e incluso verdadera mediante dichos usos. Según la tradición metalingüística iniciada por R. Stalnaker (1978), una aseveración de ‘X no existe' comunica que "‘X' no (...) refiere". En este trabajo desarrollo una explicación hipotética que busca hacer avanzar esta tradición. De acuerdo con esta hipótesis, los actos de habla en cuestión son denegaciones metalingüísticas. Defiendo esta hipótesis comparándola con una propuesta metalingüística alternativa de L. Clapp (2008). There are uses of empty names where the speaker cannot justifiably be said to be committed to there being a referent for her use of the relevant name. These appear within negative existential constructions of the form ‘X doesn't exist' where ‘X' is an empty name. Yet, speakers manage to convey non-trivial and sometimes even truthful information with such uses. According to the metalinguistic tradition initiated by R. Stalnaker (1978) assertions of ‘X doesn't exist' convey the information that " ‘X doesn't refer". In this paper I develop a hypothetical account that purports to advance this tradition. On this view, these speech acts are understood as metalinguistic denials. I defend this hypothesis by comparing it against a recent metalinguistic proposal owed to L. Clapp (2008). (shrink)

En su más reciente libro, Eleonora Orlando nos presenta una provocadora propuesta que busca cuestionar el éxito de la tradición fregeana en filosofía del lenguaje siguiendo líneas contextualistas y relevantistas. Este libro constituye una valiosa aportación a la filosofía del lenguaje contemporánea. Es una lectura obligatoria para todo aquel interesado en entender el estado actual de la filosofía del lenguaje. Además, la gran variedad de textos y posturas que lo comprenden constituyen por sí mismos valiosas y en ocasiones controvertidas contribuciones (...) a la discusión actual. De ahí que este libro sea también una extraordinaria invitación a continuar la ya centenaria discusión sobre la visión fregeana del lenguaje y si el contextualismo presenta una manera conveniente de mejorarla. En este artículo me propongo hacer un estudio crítico de este libro, particularmente de su desafío al fregeanismo. Para ello discutiré a detalle sus argumentos más antifregeanos, preguntándome al mismo tiempo si se trata de posturas incompatibles con la semántica fregeana o si, por el contrario, constituyen propuestas enteramente compatibles con esta. (shrink)

This article is about the novel role of the Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (South American Nations Union) - UNASUR as a peacekeeper in the SouthAmerican region. It begins with an overview of UNASUR, its history, legal framework, and its mandate related to peacekeeping activities. Then, the efforts for regional integration and peacekeeping are addressed, with an explanation of the different frameworks backing those intents and the new peacemaking body known as UNASUR. Examples of political conflict are outlined, namely those in (...) Bolivia and Venezuela, and the ways in which the novel intervention of UNASUR deescalated the violence. After providing a brief description of South American history, its recent conflicts, and a review of some applicable conflict causation theories, the article concludes with a theoretical explanation of the role of UNASUR and its intervention for building peace in the region. This leads to questions and suggestions about how the work of UNASUR can be protected and enhanced to benefit the creation and maintenance of harmonious relationships within South American states. (shrink)

A ligação entre teoria e prática sempre foi um princípio para a tradição marxista, para esta a teoria deve ser um guia para a práxis revolucionária, deve sempre estar à serviço da transformação social e da emancipação humana. Mas, a partir da década de 1920, a teoria marxista passa a sofrer uma metamorfose que consiste na ruptura desse elo fundamental entre teoria e prática, tornando-se uma teoria acadêmica e com diversos elementos de capitulaçãoteórica diante dos postulados da teoria burguesa. Nesse (...) trabalho pretendemos fazer uma breve comparação entre as elaborações de Marcuse e Althusser nas temáticas: possibilidade de ruptura revolucionária e alcance do processo emancipatório que esta ruptura pode acarretar. Veremos que ambos os autores sustém um pessimismo em relação às possibilidades de ruptura e emancipação, cada qual à sua própria maneira. A causa particular que molda as diferentes posições de nossos autores liga-se com a particularidade com que cada um se relacionava para com o partido comunista e para com a teoria burguesa acadêmica. Em suma, veremos em Althusser uma defesa da possibilidade de uma revolução presente, mas com pessimismo em relação ao alcance transformador desse ato emancipatório; enquanto em Marcuse veremos a defesa acerca da possibilidade teórica da existência de um sujeito completamente livre dos entraves internos e externos que alienam sua existência, mas as elaborações marcuseanas não consideram possível a realização de um processo de ruptura em seu presente histórico, relegando-o para um futuro incerto. (shrink)

Este artículo trata el problema de los objetos creados que pueden ser repetidos, como las obras musicales y las literarias. En la sección 2 presentamos una serie de desiderata intuitivos que toda teoría debe satisfacer. En las secciones 3 y 4 presentamos un silogismo disyuntivo extendido. Los objetos en cuestión pueden ser o bien universales concretos, particulares concretos, universales abstractos o particulares abstractos. Mostramos cómo es que las teorías que consideran que son cualquiera de las tres últimas opciones fracasan. Por (...) lo tanto, debemos entender a dichos objetos como universales concretos. En la sección 5 ofrecemos una teoría breve pero detallada de la naturaleza metafísica de los universales concretos para después mostrar cómo esta propuesta permite dar cuenta de los desiderata intuitivos a la vez que se evitan las objeciones presentadas en contra de teorías alternativas. (shrink)

Resumen. A la Sociedad Cooperativa, se le distingue por ser una sociedad mercantil con ciertas particularidades a diferencia de los demás tipos de sociedades, tan es así que se rige por su legislación especial. En los últimos años en México, se ha detectado un incremento de sociedades cooperativas dedicadas al suministro de personal, toda vez que el esquema fue considerado por algunos especialistas fiscales como una alternativa para las empresas que buscan disminuir sus cargas impositivas derivadas de las relaciones laborales. (...) Dicho esquema básicamente consiste en transferir a los trabajadores de las empresas a la sociedad cooperativa, los cuales al ser registrados como socios, las remuneraciones que estos perciben son bajo el concepto de previsión social; en lugar de salarios evitando así la retención y pago del Impuesto Sobre la Renta correspondiente. Con motivo de lo anterior, en la presente investigación se analizan y califican los aspectos más relevantes del asunto.Palabras claves. Sociedad cooperativa, evasión fiscal, outsourcing, previsión social.. A cooperative society is distinguished as a corporation with certain features unlike other types of companies, so much so that is governed by a special legislation. In recent years Mexico has seen an increase of cooperative societies dedicated to supply services, since the scheme was considered by some experts as an alternative tax for companies seeking to lower their tax burdens resulting from relations. This scheme basically consists of transferring workers from companies to the cooperative, which when registered as members the remuneration that they perceive are under the concept of social welfare, instead of avoiding wage withholding and payment of VAT Income for. On the occasion of the above, this research analyzes and scored the most relevant aspects of the case. (shrink)

This paper offers an extensional account of Aristotle’s theory of perceptual content. To do so I make use of an extensional account of Aristotle’s notion of universals and related notions. I argue that this view avoids certain problems recently posed by Caston by showing how it can accept a distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic perception. I also show how perception of individuals is related to knowledge and universals.

Fregeans follow Frege in accepting informativeness and substitution failure as reliable criteria for the existence of senses as objects of thought. In this paper I show that if we accept this, we must also accept the existence of an infinite hierarchy of senses as objects of thought. This is a bad result since it turns Fregeanism into a doctrine according to which object-related thoughts either have an infinite number of objects as contents or none at all. This shows, against the (...) Fregean, that senses cannot themselves be constituents of thought. Los fregeanos aceptan, siguiendo a Frege, que los criterios de informatividad y falla de sustitución son guías confiables de la existencia de sentidos como objetos del pensamiento. En este artículo muestro que si aceptamos esta tesis también debemos aceptar la existencia de una jerarquía infinita de sentidos como objetos del pensamiento. Esta es una mala consecuencia pues convierte al fregeanismo en una doctrina según la cual los pensamientos dirigidos a objetos o bien tienen un número infinito de objetos como contenido o ninguno. Esto muestra, contra los fregeanos, que los sentidos no pueden ellos mismos ser objeto del pensamiento. (shrink)

Klimovsky (1984) and (1982) presents a dilemma against any semantics of natural language while offering an objection against the syntactist view of it. As a reply, Moretti (2011) offers a “minimally” syntactist solution to Klimovsky’s objections. In this paper I have two goals. First, I want to rescue Klimovsky’s general dilemma and his objections against syntactism. Second, I argue that Moretti’s way out of the dilemma does not fully succeed. The paper concludes by arguing that the dilemma is still standing (...) and should concern our best available semantic theories. (shrink)

RESUMEN Se aplicó una intervención socio sanitaria en el asentamiento rural El León de Camagüey basada en los resultados de un estudio anterior, desde la comunicación social, educativa, así como aspectos socioculturales evaluados que permitieron la realización de este estudio. Su objetivo fue implementar una estrategia de intervención basada en acciones sociales y educativas colectadas en un manual que organizó contenidos de antropología socio cultural, psicología, sociología de la salud y trabajo social comunitario, la que fue conducida por profesionales de (...) enfermería como prestadores, cuyo encargo social les asigna una mayor permanencia e intercambio con los pobladores, potenciándose el trabajo comunitario a partir de febrero de 2016,como etapa de sostenibilidad. La investigación constituyó un diseño mixto, con un estudio cuasi experimental sin grupo control combinado con métodos cualitativos. La evaluación final efectuada en el periodo 2017-2018 exhibió modificaciones positivas en indicadores de las historias clínicas familiares de los pobladores, repercutiendo en el Análisis de la Situación de Salud, realizado en abril de 2018 y el entorno comunitario. Se demostró la importancia de la aplicación de la estrategia de intervención comunitaria desde las disciplinas de las ciencias sociales, por el personal de enfermería como agente de cambio de desarrollo local y protagonista de sostenibilidad. ABSTRACT A social sanitary intervention was applied in the rural establishment El León of Camagüey, based on social and educational actions collected in a manual that organized social cultural anthropology contents, psychology, sociology of the health and community social work, which was led by infirmary professionals like lenders, whose social order assigns a major permanence and exchange of them with the settlers. The investigation constituted a mixed design, with a study quasi experimentally without control group combined with qualitative methods. The final evaluation carried out in the period 2017-2018 exhibited positive modifications in indicators of the familiar clinical history of the settlers, what reverberated in the Analysis of the Situation of Health, carried in April, 2018 and the community environment. It was demonstrated the importance of the application of the strategy of community intervention from the disciplines of the social sciences, by the infirmary personnel as change agent of local development and protagonist of sustainability. (shrink)

El presente artículo explora cómo la Iglesia Presbiteriana en Colombia forjó su propia identidad como iglesia reformada, manteniendo características y adoptando cambios en su identidad y misión. Esta presentación se da mediante una investigación bibliográfica, documental y un análisis en la formación de los actores y las comunidades, sus prácticas, imaginarios y representaciones. Pone especial énfasis en el papel que jugaron los misioneros, la formación del liderazgo local, el talante de la mujer presbiteriana y la expresión regional del presbiterianismo, en (...) la identidad que forjó el presbiterianismo colombiano, en un ambiente de confrontación religiosa y resistencia. (shrink)

Sainsbury 2005 and 2009 offers a theory of empty names that purports to account for the content and truth-value of all utterances involving them. The goal is to do this while offering a homogenous semantic treatment: both empty and nonempty names make the same kind of contribution to truth-values. The account is based on a new theory of reference that purports to be an alternative among nondescriptivist accounts. According to the new theory, there is reference even without referents. In this (...) paper I argue that the theory does not offer a homogeneous semantics for names and that, thus, it fails to offer a more satisfactory alternative to the theories already available. I conclude by briefly describing a way in which a theory could in fact offer such homogeneous semantics for names via a cognitive theory of empty names. (shrink)

The origins of teacher training programs in Chile have not been addressed in depth apart from Vivanco’s studies. Even though these studies explore the development of these programs in Chile from a chronological perspective, there are no qualitative studies that consider senior academics’ narrations. This qualitative study reconstructs the trajectory of teacher training programs in Chile from a series of interviews with 25 academics in charge of these programs. Results were analyzed in three different periods: 1960-1973, 1973-1990, and 1990 to (...) 2019. Results, discussed in a political and academic context, reveal that these teacher training programs have evolved in a sociopolitical context, generating a series of tensions that substantially impact these training programs. The study finishes with the statement of a series of questions aimed at reflecting upon the state of the art in Chile’s training programs. (shrink)

According to dynamic semantics, what is said by an utterance of a sentence is determined by how the common ground is affected by the acceptance of such utterance. It has been claimed that dynamic semantics offers an account of what is said by an utterance in a context that excels that of traditional static semantics. Assertions of negative existential constructions, of the form ‘X does not exist’, are a case in point. These assertions traditionally pose a problem for philosophers of (...) language. A recent proposal, owed to Clapp, argues that static semantics is unable to solve the problem and offers a dynamic semantics account that promises to succeed. In this paper I want to challenge this account and, more generally, the scope of the dynamic semantics framework. I will offer a counterexample, inspired by “answering machine” uses of indexical and demonstrative expressions, to show how dynamic semantics fails. I conclude by considering the merits of both static and dynamic accounts. (shrink)

The health emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic revealed limitations in health systems worldwide, making it necessary to establish a bioethical framework that provides tools to drive health professionals’ decision-making amid scarce health resources. Bioethical models such as principlism, utilitarianism, and personalism seek to focus clinical decisions on respect for people’s rights and dignity, thus protecting the medical practice. Personalism provides a person-centered approach to respect for human dignity during health emergencies to avoid giving material meaning to the individual. Decision (...) criteria are required to face bioethical conflicts in clinical practice, reducing the legal, emotional, and ethical burden of decision-making in pandemic situations. (shrink)

O presente trabalho procura discutir a função-autor a partir de Michel Foucault em suas possíveis contribuições ao campo da Ciência da Informação. Tratando-se de trabalho de caráter qualitativo, a partir de material bibliográfico, realizou-se a leitura da literatura pertinente à temática em textos de Michel Foucault e Paul Otlet, a fim de identificar o tratamento dispensado à figura do autor em ambos, procedendo à realização de um exercício comparativo. Identificou-se em Paul Otlet a presença da atribuição à figura do autor (...) o papel explorado por Michel Foucault em seus textos, correspondendo a um sentido ordenador e a uma espécie de chave de leitura para um conjunto a que se compreende por “obra”. Concluiu-se a necessidade de aprofundar o tratamento dos textos foucaultianos no campo da Ciência da Informação, procurando compreender as condições de possibilidade dos nossos objetos. (shrink)

Manuel Atria Ramírez, filósofo chileno, elaboró durante décadas una propuesta epistemológica y filosófico natural consistente, en la que la físico-matemática y la cosmovisión científica moderna fueron objeto de especial atención. En su obra, el universo sensible es sometido a un análisis riguroso, en el que se emplean y proyectan con originalidad las categorías propias de la tradición aristotélico-tomista.

Alonso, Ángel Castigo y derecho sin libre albedrío ni responsabilidad Punishment and law without free will and no responsibility López Corredoira, Martín De los metarrelatos a la "muerte de los intelectuales". Una mirada al "Humanismo impenitente" desde la reconstrucción neonietzscheana postmoderna From meta - reports to the "demise of intellectuals". A view of "impenitent humanism" from post-modern neo-Nietzschean deconstruction Mora García, José Pascual Kant y el método de trascender en la filosofía de Karl Jaspers Kant and the transcendental method in (...) the Karl Jaspers philosophy Portuondo Pajón, Gladys L. La creatio ex Nihilo y sus implicaciones fenomenológicas en Levitas La creatio ex Nihilo and it's phenomenology implications in Levinas Ramírez, Gustavo ¿Qué significa meditar? What does it mean to meditate? Ramis Muscato, Pompeyo Sobre la violencia: Orígenes y antídoto Regarding violence: Origens and antidotes Vasquez, Eduardo Interdisciplinares Louis Kahn: Filosofía, arte y arquitectura Louis Kahn: Philosophy, arte and architecture Arellano Spinetti, Leonardo La oligarquía venezolana en el siglo XXI: Del estereotipo al anacronismo The Venezuelan oligarchy in the XXI century: From the stereotype to the anachronism Varela Manrique, Luz Coromoto Traducciones El arte de pensar Maurois, André Friedrich Nietzsche. 1844-1900. (shrink)

Los intereses del ingeniero y filósofo chileno Manuel Atria Ramírez recorren una variedad de temas y disciplinas, pero es en la filosofía de las matemáticas y de la física donde se centra una porción importante de su obra publicada. Tras una primera fase de juventud, de manifiesta impronta tomista, su pensamiento de madurez acusa el influjo de las grandes escuelas epistemológicas que prosperan durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. Además de ilustrar la recepción que se le daba por (...) aquellos años en el medio académico latinoamericano a las nuevas tendencias filosóficas europeas, pensamos que el conciso estilo expositivo del autor y su comprensión profunda de la físico-matemática y de su historia, tienen el mérito de plantear con frescura y originalidad la pregunta referida al fundamento último de las matemáticas, y de su vinculación con la realidad. En este artículo presentamos y analizamos las principales directrices de la propuesta epistemológica de Atria, e identificamos algunos puntos abiertos a investigaciones ulteriores. (shrink)

Eduardo García-Ramírez has offered a reductio of the counterfactual analysis of causation. The argument purportedly shows that, given a natural generalization of Lewis’ semantics for counterfactuals, statements expressing the existence of causal dependence across worlds are satisfiable. The aim of the present paper is twofold. In the first part, I show that the purported reductio is flawed, as it relies on an overly strong construal of the semantics for counterfactuals. In particular, it is assumed that we can assign (...) a degree of similarity to any given pair of possible worlds. As it turns out, that assumption reduces to the thesis that the relations of comparative similarity featured in the standard semantics for counterfactuals define an interval scale of measurement on the set of all possible worlds. It will be argued that such a thesis is incompatible with a viable understanding of comparative similarity. The second part of the paper is devoted to a new proof of the possibility of trans-world causation. Nevertheless, the new proof does not amount to a reductio of Lewis’ account of causation per se, but rather of the conjunction of several substantive theses (the counterfactual analysis of causation, modal plenitude, the existence of mereological sums and the best theory account of natural laws). (shrink)

We explore two ways of distinguishing the semantic operation of kind terms. First, we focus on a distinction between terms with a flexible versus terms with an inflexible semantics. Flexibility depends on whether some changes in the domain of application are taken to be possible while being consistent with past usage and what is intuitively the same meaning. On the other hand we discuss terms whose mode of operation is tolerant, in that the cohabitation in the speakers’ community of more (...) than one use or practice of use of the term in question is accepted. Those terms contrast with terms that operate in a strict way restricting severely the legitimacy of different uses that cut the domain of application in different ways. Among the latter we include terms with an ethical component and terms whose correct application involves high stakes. These distinctions are not new, since the phenomena that we identify as flexibility and tolerance have been observed, although in our view they have not been properly systematized and assessed. We argue that the two distinctions throw light on the bases of some disputes and on some legal disagreements. (shrink)

En est e t ext o i nt ent o most r ar que l acrítica de Frankfurt a lo que él denominaenfoque historicista causal de la acciónes injustificada. Una teoría de la acciónque distinga a las acciones de los sucesosa partir de su historia causal, no implicaque la explicación de la acción se desplacea algo que ocurrió antes de la acción, sucausa, o que descuide en la explicaciónde lo que es una acción, la acción misma.Para esto, muestro cómo la (...) posición deDavidson y Searle, quienes son asumidospor Frankfurt como historicistas causales,si bi en part en de l a noci ón de causacomo esencial para explicar lo que es unaacción, no suponen que debe repararse enalgo que sucede antes de la acción paraexplicarla, o que la causa de una acción seaun suceso que necesariamente la antecede.My intention in this paper is to showthat the Frankfurt’s critique of what hedetermines causal historicism approachof the action is unjustified. A theory ofthe action that distinguishes the actionsof the events from their causal history,does not mean that the explanation ofthe action moves itself to something thathappened before the action, or that theaction by itself, has to be neglected in itsexplanation. To demonstrate this, I showhow the positions of Davidson and Searle,who are assumed by Frankfurt as causalhistoricist, although they are based on thenotion of cause as essential to explain whatan action is, it does not imply that we haveto focus on something that happens beforean action to explain it, or that the causeof an action is an event that necessarilyprecedes it. (shrink)

Background In 2021, Spain became the first Southern European country to grant and provide the right to euthanasia and medically assisted suicide. According to the law, the State has the obligation to ensure its access through the health services, which means that healthcare professionals’ participation is crucial. Nevertheless, its implementation has been uneven. Our research focuses on understanding possible ethical conflicts that shape different positions towards the practice of Medical Assistance in Dying, on identifying which core ideas may be underlying (...) them, and on suggesting possible reasons for this disparity. The knowledge acquired contributes to understanding its complexity, shedding light into ambivalent profiles and creating strategies to increase their participation. Methods We conducted an exploratory qualitative research study by means of semi-structured interviews (1 h) with 25 physicians and nurses from primary care (12), hospital care (7), and palliative care (6), 17 women and 8 men, recruited from Madrid, Catalonia, and Andalusia between March and May 2023. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded in Atlas.ti software by means of thematic and interpretative methods to develop a conceptual model. Results We identified four approaches to MAiD: Full Support (FS), Conditioned Support (CS), Conditioned Rejection (CR), and Full Rejection (FR). Full Support and Full Rejection fitted the traditional for and against positions on MAiD. Nevertheless, there was a gray area in between represented by conditioned profiles, whose participation cannot be predicted beforehand. The profiles were differentiated considering their different interpretations of four core ideas: end-of-life care, religion, professional duty/deontology, and patient autonomy. These ideas can intersect, which means that participants' positions are multicausal and complex. Divergences between profiles can be explained by different sources of moral authority used in their moral reasoning and their individualistic or relational approach to autonomy. Conclusions There is ultimately no agreement but rather a coexistence of plural moral perspectives regarding MAiD among healthcare professionals. Comprehending which cases are especially difficult to evaluate or which aspects of the law are not easy to interpret will help in developing new strategies, clarifying the legal framework, or guiding moral reasoning and education with the aim of reducing unpredictable non-participations in MAID. (shrink)

The main intention of this scientific article was to review the technical skills and social skills achieved with digital literacy in students of the San Isidro Rural Educational Institution in Santa Rosa de Osos, Antioquia, Colombia. It was sheltered under the theoretical postulates of Area, Gutiérrez and Vidal (2012), Cornachione (2006), Fonseca (2011), among other experts in the area that is developed; The study on digital literacy is framed in positivist thinking, since the variable was measured to compute derivations, then (...) it was verified by descriptive statistics in which sequelae were compared with the assumptions and then, to outline the offer that aims to convert what is shown in the present article. The population of this study was eighty-two (82) individuals, including pedagogues and schoolchildren from the San Isidro Rural Educational Institution in Santa Rosa de Osos, Antioquia, Colombia. Specifically, the essence of the dissertation is that, once the corresponding digital literacy has been carried out in the students by the educational students, the progress of teaching skills is achieved through the diligence of actions using the Chamilo virtual medium, cognitive learning issues will be optimized, as well as educational progress in the educational entity. (shrink)

Alonso, Ángel Castigo y derecho sin libre albedrío ni responsabilidad Punishment and law without free will and no responsibility López Corredoira, Martín De los metarrelatos a la "muerte de los intelectuales". Una mirada al "Humanismo impenitente" desde la reconstrucción neonietzscheana postmoderna From meta - reports to the "demise of intellectuals". A view of "impenitent humanism" from post-modern neo-Nietzschean deconstruction Mora García, José Pascual Kant y el método de trascender en la filosofía de Karl Jaspers Kant and the transcendental method in (...) the Karl Jaspers philosophy Portuondo Pajón, Gladys L. La creatio ex Nihilo y sus implicaciones fenomenológicas en Levitas La creatio ex Nihilo and it's phenomenology implications in Levinas Ramírez, Gustavo ¿Qué significa meditar? What does it mean to meditate? Ramis Muscato, Pompeyo Sobre la violencia: Orígenes y antídoto Regarding violence: Origens and antidotes Vasquez, Eduardo Interdisciplinares Louis Kahn: Filosofía, arte y arquitectura Louis Kahn: Philosophy, arte and architecture Arellano Spinetti, Leonardo La oligarquía venezolana en el siglo XXI: Del estereotipo al anacronismo The Venezuelan oligarchy in the XXI century: From the stereotype to the anachronism Varela Manrique, Luz Coromoto Traducciones El arte de pensar Maurois, André Friedrich Nietzsche. 1844-1900. (shrink)

Alonso, Ángel Castigo y derecho sin libre albedrío ni responsabilidad Punishment and law without free will and no responsibility López Corredoira, Martín De los metarrelatos a la "muerte de los intelectuales". Una mirada al "Humanismo impenitente" desde la reconstrucción neonietzscheana postmoderna From meta - reports to the "demise of intellectuals". A view of "impenitent humanism" from post-modern neo-Nietzschean deconstruction Mora García, José Pascual Kant y el método de trascender en la filosofía de Karl Jaspers Kant and the transcendental method in (...) the Karl Jaspers philosophy Portuondo Pajón, Gladys L. La creatio ex Nihilo y sus implicaciones fenomenológicas en Levitas La creatio ex Nihilo and it's phenomenology implications in Levinas Ramírez, Gustavo ¿Qué significa meditar? What does it mean to meditate? Ramis Muscato, Pompeyo Sobre la violencia: Orígenes y antídoto Regarding violence: Origens and antidotes Vasquez, Eduardo Interdisciplinares Louis Kahn: Filosofía, arte y arquitectura Louis Kahn: Philosophy, arte and architecture Arellano Spinetti, Leonardo La oligarquía venezolana en el siglo XXI: Del estereotipo al anacronismo The Venezuelan oligarchy in the XXI century: From the stereotype to the anachronism Varela Manrique, Luz Coromoto Traducciones El arte de pensar Maurois, André Friedrich Nietzsche. 1844-1900. (shrink)

Fenomenología de la Vida Afectiva, une publication coordonnée par Celia Cabrera et Micaela Szeftel dans la collection dirigée par Jorge Roggero à la maison d’édition argentine Sb, part de la nécessité de penser phénoménologiquement l’affectivité : non seulement pour briser la limitation de l’affectif en philosophie comme quelque chose d’éventuel et de relégué dans l’obscurité de l’expérience, mais aussi pour s’intéresser radicalement au caractère fondamental du « fait » de l’affectivité qui t...

I argue against Matthew Slater’s rejection of what he calls the grounding claim in his stable property cluster account of natural kinds. This claim states that the epistemic value of natural kinds depends on the existence of some ground to bind together a kind’s properties. Using two test cases from academic medicine, I show that grounds are genuinely explanatory of scientific epistemic practices and that the SPC account should not do without them in its philosophical analysis of natural kinds.

The current predominant conception of human rights implies that human beings have objective intrinsic value. In this paper, we defend that there is no satisfactory justification of this claim. In spite of the great variety of theories aimed at explaining objective intrinsic value, all of them share one common problematic feature: they pass from a non-evaluative proposition to an evaluative proposition by asserting that a certain entity has intrinsic value in virtue of having certain non-evaluative features. This is a step (...) that cannot be justified. In light of this negative result, we offer a radically different approach to intrinsic value. Our proposal reinterprets the claim that human beings have intrinsic value in terms of a commitment to value human beings intrinsically. This commitment provides both objective practical reasons for, and a rational explanation of, efforts aimed at defending and promoting human rights, without need to appeal to the existence of objective intrinsic value. (shrink)

Democracy is seen today as being in erosion or crisis both in the Global North and South. This article puts forward the concept of ‘dependent democracy’ in order to explain that much of the lack of success of democracy in the South in guaranteeing political participation and economic inclusion and wellbeing for the majority of the population is due to a specific tendency of democracy there. Adapting some insights from the more economics focused Dependency theory towards a more contemporary point (...) of view from political sociology and international political sociology, dependent democracy is understood as a democracy that exists in a subaltern position within the hierarchical, post-imperial and neo-imperial global capitalist order. Dependent democracies thus tend to be less ‘democracies’ and more ‘oligarchies’ within a form of government in the South that can be understood as existing in a global pyramid of semi-peripheries, middle peripheries and outer peripheries. (shrink)

Belandria, Margarita Artículos La labor del filósofo The philosopher's paper Alonso, Ángel Castigo y derecho sin libre albedrío ni responsabilidad Punishment and law without free will and no responsibility López Corredoira, Martín De los metarrelatos a la "muerte de los intelectuales". Una mirada al "Humanismo impenitente" desde la reconstrucción neonietzscheana postmoderna From meta - reports to the "demise of intellectuals". A view of "impenitent humanism" from post-modern neo-Nietzschean deconstruction Mora García, José Pascual Kant y el método de trascender en la (...) filosofía de Karl Jaspers Kant and the transcendental method in the Karl Jaspers philosophy Portuondo Pajón, Gladys L. La creatio ex Nihilo y sus implicaciones fenomenológicas en Levitas La creatio ex Nihilo and it's phenomenology implications in Levinas Ramírez, Gustavo ¿Qué significa meditar? What does it mean to meditate? Ramis Muscato, Pompeyo Sobre la violencia: Orígenes y antídoto Regarding violence: Origens and antidotes Vasquez, Eduardo Interdisciplinares Louis Kahn: Filosofía, arte y arquitectura Louis Kahn: Philosophy, arte and architecture Arellano Spinetti, Leonardo La oligarquía venezolana en el siglo XXI: Del estereotipo al anacronismo The Venezuelan oligarchy in the XXI century: From the stereotype to the anachronism Varela Manrique, Luz Coromoto Traducciones El arte de pensar Maurois, André Friedrich Nietzsche. 1844-1900. (shrink)

El artículo ofrece una interpretación de las contribuciones de David Hilbert a la teoría de las magnitudes poligonales, desarrollada en su influyente monografía Fundamentos de la geometría, publicada en 1899. Se argumenta que la construcción de esta parte central de la geometría euclidiana represento para Hilbert un desafío muy significativo, en razón de su objetivo general de proporcionar una axiomatización estrictamente sintética de esta teoría geométrica; es decir, en virtud de sus conocidos requerimientos metodológicos y epistemológicos de construir la geometría (...) elemental evitando toda apelación esencial a presupuestos numéricos. Se sostiene además que dicho desafío consistió en ofrecer un nuevo fundamento lógicamente sólido para la teoría del área poligonal, pero que al mismo tiempo pueda ser considerado como puramente geométrico. The paper offers an interpretation of David Hilbert's contributions to the theory of polygonal magnitudes, developed in his influential monograph Foundations of Geometry, published in 1899. It is argued that the construction of this central part of Euclidean geometry presented an appealing challenge to Hilbert's general aim of providing a purely synthetic axiomatization of this geometrical theory; in other words, to his epistemological and methodological concerns of constructing elementary geometry without resorting to any kind of numerical assumption. Moreover, it is claimed this challenge consisted in offering a new foundation for the theory of polygonal area, which could be considered at the same time as logically sound and purely geometrical. (shrink)

This paper aims to offer an interpretation of the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories which puts together two of its most distinctive and fundamental traits: the constant reference to the temporal character of the human consciousness and the use of the analytic method of exposition. We will defend the thesis that the connection between both traits is essential, i. e., it will be argued that it is precisely the usage of the analytic method what confers to the pure consciousness of (...) time a significant role in the structure of the argument. With this thesis an alternative reading of the A-Deduction is pursued, one which moves away from the predominant one which claims that Kant's persistent allusion in it to the pure time representation - and to the synthesis which make it possible - is just a direct consequence of its psychological character.El objetivo del artículo es ofrecer una interpretación de la Deducción Transcendental de las Categorías que ponga en relación dos de sus aspectos más distintivos y fundamentales: la referencia permanente al carácter temporal de la conciencia humana, y la utilización del método analítico de exposición. Se defenderá la tesis de que la conexión entre ambos aspectos es esencial, en tanto que es precisamente la adopción del método analítico lo que determina que se le confiera a la conciencia pura del tiempo un rol fundamental en la estructura del argumento. Con esta tesis se intenta ofrecer una lectura alternativa de la Deducción A, que se diferencie de la habitual según la cual la apelación constante de Kant a la representación pura del tiempo - y a las síntesis que lo hacen posible - es una consecuencia directa del carácter psicologista que la distingue. (shrink)

Se examina alcance y el rendimiento del concepto de voluntad de poderen el terreno de la filosofía moral y política, poniendo de manifiesto elbiologismo que sostiene toda la concepción de Nietzsche. Este biologismo,aunque se muestra crítico con Darwin, se enmarca no obstante en la líneaargumental del llamado “darwinismo social”, que lleva al plano moral,político y cultural el principio de jerarquía que cree encontrar en el ámbitode la vida. En este mismo sentido, se hace ver cómo el llamado “métodogenealógico” es un (...) instrumento crítico con el que Nietzsche, en contra detoda la tradición humanista, reniega de la autonomía de la cultura y de lascreaciones del espíritu en relación con el plano de la vida orgánica. (shrink)